DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 7/11/2016
PRACTICAL 3: PHASE DIAGRAM PART B
TITLE: MUTUAL SOLUBILITY CURVE FOR PHENOL AND WATER
OBJECTIVE(S):
· To determine the mutual solubility curve for phenol and water
· To measure miscibility temperature for several phenol and water mixtures
INTRODUCTION:
Some liquids are completely miscible in all proportions , example water with ethanol. , but some are miscible under certain proportions only, for example, water and phenol.
Literally, as the temperature increases, the solubility of water and phenol also increases until they reach the critical point (point h in the diagram). Above this point, the liquids are completely miscible. At any temperature below the critical point temperature, the composition for the two layers of liquids in equilibrium state is constant and does not depend on the relative amount of these two phases. The mutual solubility for a pair of partially miscible liquids in general is extremely influenced by the presence of a third component.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:
Thermometer, boiling tube, measuring cylinder, parafilm, water bath, test tube rack, distilled water and phenol
PROCEDURES:
1. Five test tubes were filled with the mixtures of phenol and water in the way that phenol concentration are 8%, 30%, 50%, 60% and 80%.
2. A thermometer was inserted in each test tube and tightly sealed with parafilm.
3. The boiling tube with 8% phenol concentration was then heated until a clear solution appeared. The temperature was measured and recorded
4. Then, the boiling tube was removed from the water bath and allowed to reduce in temperature. The temperature when liquids formed two layers was recorded.
5. The average temperature for the liquids became clear and became two layers was determined
Percentage of phenol
(%)
|
Temperature when becomes clear (°C)
|
Temperature when becomes two layers (°C)
|
8%
|
70.0
|
-
|
30%
|
84.0
|
60.0
|
50%
|
85.0
|
58.0
|
60%
|
78.0
|
56.0
|
80%
|
58.0
|
-
|
DISCUSSION:
Phenol and water system is one of the examples of two-component system containing liquid phase. Phenol is partially miscible with water. An important feature of phase diagrams is that all systems prepared on a tie line, at equilibrium, will separate into phases of constant composition. These phases are termed as conjugate phases.
From the experiment that was carried out, a few tubes filled with known percentage of phenol was heated until a clear solution was obtained, the temperature was recorded. Upon with this data, a graph was plotted and resulting a curve. The region outside the curve contains system having one liquid phase. This means that the phenol and water becomes miscible and exists as one liquid phase at the region outside the curve. Within the region of the curve, there will be existence of two liquid phases. As we add the quantity of phenol gradually, the amount of phenol-rich phase continually increases and the amount of water-rich phase continually decreases. At last, a single phenol-rich liquid phase is formed. The maximum temperature on this curve is called the critical solution temperature, that is, the temperature above which a homogenous solution (solution becomes clear) occurs regardless of the percentage composition phenol. From the graph, the critical solution temperature was around 85.8°C.
According to the phase rule, F=C-P+2
F is degree of freedom
C is number of components
P is number of phase exist
In this experiment, number of components is two (water and phenol) and no of phase is one (when phenol and water miscible and yield one liquid phase)
F=2-1+2, thus the degree of freedom for this system is 3. This show that 3 intensive variable must be fixed in order to describe the system completely. As the pressure is fixed, F reduces to 2, and it is necessary to fix both temperature and concentration of phenol in the solution to define the system.
From the results that we obtained, the graph is slightly deviated from the theoretical graph. The theoretical critical solution temperature value is 66.8°C while experimental critical solution temperature value is around 85.8°C. This may be caused by some errors that occur during the experiment. Firstly, parallax error may occur during measurement of phenol and water using measuring cylinder. This leads to error of percentage of phenol value that gave inaccuracy in result. Therefore, we must use a more accurate apparatus which is pipette to measure the phenol and water. This will give more accurate result. Next, assuring each tube was tightly sealed to avoid evaporation of phenol and water mixture. As in theoretical, the pressure must be fixed in order to describe the system. When the tube is not tightly sealed, this will reduce the pressure and temperature. Lastly, the water must be stirred gradually during heating to allow the equal amount of heat dispersed throughout the water.
CONCLUSION:
Through this experiment, we were able to determine the mutual solubility curve for phenol and water. Besides, we also determine that the critical solution temperature for mixture between phenol and water is around 85.8ºC.
REFERENCE(S):
1. Martin's Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 6th Edition
2. http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/surfactants-and-its-applications-in-pharmaceuticals-overview
QUESTION:
Explain the effect of adding foreign substances and show the importance of this effect in pharmacy
The addition of foreign substances will affect the degree of freedom and miscibility of the two liquid. For example, the foreign substance is surfactant. Surfactant will stabilize the mixture forming suspension. In pharmaceutical field, we need to deal with many soluble and insoluble drugs. Thus by adding surfactant, it will reduce surface tension and increase the entropy making the suspension more dispersed. Because of their unique functional properties, surfactants find a wide range of uses in pharmaceutical preparations. These include, depending on the type of product, improving the solubility or stability of a drug in a liquid preparation, stabilizing and modifying the texture of a semisolid preparation, or altering the flow properties of a granulate, thus aiding in the processing of the final tablet dosage form. Surfactants can exert direct effects on biological membranes thus altering drug transport across the membrane. The properties of surfactants are such that they can alter the thermodynamic activity, solubility, diffusion, disintegration, and dissolution rate of a drug. Each of these parameters influences the rate and extent of drug absorption. Furthermore, in addition to their use as excipients to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the formulation, surfactants may be included to improve the efficacy or bio-performance of the product. The overall effect of inclusion of a surfactant in a pharmaceutical formulation is complex and may be beyond those initially intended. Surfactants may reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobials or preservatives included in a formulation.
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